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231 articles

Can You Reach Under a Jacket During a Terry Frisk?
4th Amendment Basics

Can You Reach Under a Jacket During a Terry Frisk?

An officer in Arizona asks whether he can remove or reach under a heavy jacket to frisk someone he cannot effectively pat down, and whether a purse or backpack is fair game. Anthony covers what armed and dangerous really means, peeling the onion, and why high crime area plus criminal history is not enough.

September 19, 2026 Blue to Gold
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Can a Hospital Trespass a Patient Who Refuses to Leave?
Arrests

Can a Hospital Trespass a Patient Who Refuses to Leave?

An officer in California keeps getting called to the same ER lobby for the same discharged patient who will not leave and wants to be seen again. Anthony walks through Penal Code 602, why a hospital is not a public forum, the federal screening law that complicates it, and why this one is above the patrol officer s pay grade.

September 19, 2026 Blue to Gold
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What Is Reason to Believe a Warrant Subject Is Home Under Payton?
4th Amendment Basics

What Is Reason to Believe a Warrant Subject Is Home Under Payton?

An officer in South Dakota has a felony warrant, a landlord confirming the address, the subject s car out front, lights and voices inside, and lights going out when they knock. Some co-workers still say go get a warrant. Anthony walks through what Payton actually requires and why asking for a warrant answers your own question.

September 19, 2026 Blue to Gold
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What If a Passenger Refuses to Get Out of the Vehicle?
4th Amendment Basics

What If a Passenger Refuses to Get Out of the Vehicle?

A chief in Pennsylvania asks what you actually charge when a passenger refuses a lawful order to exit. Anthony covers Mimms and Wilson, why he has never seen a case on it in twenty years, and the question the judge is going to ask you about why you wanted the passenger out in the first place.

September 19, 2026 Blue to Gold
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Does the Collective Knowledge Doctrine Apply to Police Dispatchers?
4th Amendment Basics

Does the Collective Knowledge Doctrine Apply to Police Dispatchers?

A Kansas officer s county dispatch broadcasts erratic driver tips but tells every unit to make their own case at the vehicle. Anthony works through whether a 911 tip is truly anonymous, when you need corroboration, and whether the collective knowledge doctrine reaches a dispatcher who is not a commissioned officer.

September 19, 2026 Blue to Gold
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Can You Search a Cell Phone Left Behind in a Car After Someone Runs?
4th Amendment Basics

Can You Search a Cell Phone Left Behind in a Car After Someone Runs?

An officer in Texas watched a driver light up his car and leave the moment he made eye contact, then slow roll into an apartment complex and run, leaving two cell phones behind. Anthony works through whether that is reasonable suspicion, whether the phones are abandoned, and what he would actually put in the search warrant.

September 19, 2026 Blue to Gold
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What Is Hate Speech, and Can Police Take Enforcement Action on It?
Consensual Encounters

What Is Hate Speech, and Can Police Take Enforcement Action on It?

A police chief in Ohio sent Anthony a photo of a van covered in speech that had people calling 911. Anthony explains why there is no law against hate speech, how hate crimes are different, the narrow categories that can be criminalized, and the one thing he does not want you to bring up if you stop that van.

September 18, 2026 Blue to Gold
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Can You Stop a Car on a Flock LPR Hit for a Wanted Registered Owner?
4th Amendment Basics

Can You Stop a Car on a Flock LPR Hit for a Wanted Registered Owner?

A sergeant in Atlanta asks about license plate reader hits showing the registered owner is wanted, with no traffic violation and no probable cause. Anthony says yes, and walks through why Kansas versus Glover is almost directly on point, plus the facts that make you call it off.

September 18, 2026 Blue to Gold
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